What Is the Anthropic Principle

The anthropic principle is the belief that, if we take human life as a given condition of the universe, scientists may use this as the starting point to derive expected properties of the universe as being consistent with creating human life. It is a principle which has an important role in cosmology, specifically in trying to deal with the apparent fine-tuning of the universe. Origin of the Anthropic Principle The phrase anthropic principle was first proposed in 1973 by Australian physicist Brandon Carter. He proposed this on the 500th anniversary of the birth of Nicolaus Copernicus, as a contrast to the Copernican principle that is viewed as having demoted humanity from any sort of privileged position within the universe. Now, its not that Carter thought humans had a central position in the universe. The Copernican principle was still basically intact. (In this way, the term anthropic, which means relating to mankind or the period of mans existence, is somewhat unfortunate, as one of the quotes below indicates.) Instead, what Carter had in mind was merely that the fact of human life is one piece of evidence which cannot, in and of itself, be completely discounted. As he said, Although our situation is not necessarily central, it is inevitably privileged to some extent. By doing this, Carter really called into question an unfounded consequence of the Copernican principle. Prior to Copernicus, the standard viewpoint was that the Earth was a special place, obeying fundamentally different physical laws than all the rest of the universe - the heavens, the stars, the other planets, etc. With the decision that the Earth was not fundamentally different, it was very natural to assume the opposite: All regions of the universe are identical. We could, of course, imagine a lot of universes that have physical properties that dont allow for human existence. For example, perhaps the universe could have formed so that the electromagnetic repulsion was stronger than the attraction of the strong nuclear interaction? In this case, protons would push each other apart instead of bonding together into an atomic nucleus. Atoms, as we know them, would never form ... and thus no life! (At least as we know it.) How can science explain that our universe isnt like this? Well, according to Carter, the very fact that we can ask the question means that we obviously cannot be in this universe ... or any other universe that makes it impossible for us to exist. Those other universes could have formed, but we wouldnt be there to ask the question. Variants of the Anthropic Principle Carter presented two variants of the anthropic principle, which have been refined and modified much over the years. The wording of the two principles below is my own, but I think captures the key elements of the main formulations: Weak Anthropic Principle (WAP): Observed scientific values must be able to allow there to exist at least one region of the universe that has physical properties allowing humans to exist, and we exist within that region.Strong Anthropic Principle (WAP): The universe must have properties that allow life to exist within it at some point. The Strong Anthropic Principle is highly controversial. In some ways, since we do exist, this becomes nothing more than a truism. However, in their controversial 1986 book The Cosmological Anthropic Principle, physicists John Barrow and Frank Tipler claim that the must isnt just a fact based on observation in our universe, but rather a fundamental requirement for any universe to exist. They base this controversial argument largely on quantum physics and the Participatory Anthropic Principle (PAP) proposed by physicist John Archibald Wheeler. A Controversial Interlude - Final Anthropic Principle If you think that they couldnt get more controversial than this, Barrow and Tipler go much further than Carter (or even Wheeler), making a claim which holds very little credibility in the scientific community as a fundamental condition of the universe: Final Anthropic Principle (FAP): Intelligent information-processing must come into existence in the Universe, and, once it comes into existence, it will never die out. There is really no scientific justification for believing that the Final Anthropic Principle holds any scientific significance. Most believe it is little more of a theological claim dressed up in vaguely scientific clothing. Still, as an intelligent information-processing species, I suppose it might not hurt to keep our fingers crossed on this one ... at least until we develop intelligent machines, and then I suppose even the FAP might allow for a robot apocalypse. Justifying the Anthropic Principle As stated above, the weak and strong versions of the anthropic principle are, in some sense, really truisms about our position in the universe. Since we know that we exist, we can make certain specific claims about the universe (or at least our region of the universe) based upon that knowledge. I think the following quote well sums up the justification for this stance: Obviously, when the beings on a planet that supports life examine the world around them, they are bound to find that their environment satisfies the conditions they require to exist. It is possible to turn that last statement into a scientific principle: Our very existence imposes rules determining from where and at what time it is possible for us to observe the universe. That is, the fact of our being restricts the characteristics of the kind of environment in which we find ourselves. That principle is called the weak anthropic principle.... A better term than anthropic principle would have been selection principle, because the principle refers to how our own knowledge of our existence imposes rules that select, out of all the possible environment, only those environments with the characteristics that allow life. -- Stephen Hawking Leonard Mlodinow, The Grand Design The Anthropic Principle in Action The key role of the anthropic principle in cosmology is in helping to provide an explanation for why our universe has the properties it does. It used to be that cosmologists really believed they would discover some sort of fundamental property that set the unique values we observe in our universe ... but this has not happened. Instead, it turns out that there are a variety of values in the universe that seem to require a very narrow, specific range for our universe to function the way it does. This has become known as the fine-tuning problem, in that it is a problem to explain how these values are so finely-tuned for human life. Carters anthropic principle allows for a wide range of theoretically possible universes, each containing different physical properties, and ours belongs to the (relatively) small set of them that would allow for human life. This is the fundamental reason that physicists believe there are probably multiple universes. (See our article: Why Are There Multiple Universes?) This reasoning has become very popular among not only cosmologists, but also the physicists involved in string theory. Physicists have found that there are so many possible variants of string theory (perhaps as many as 10500, which really boggles the mind ... even the minds of string theorists!) that some, notably Leonard Susskind, have begun to adopt the viewpoint that there is a vast string theory landscape, which leads to multiple universes and anthropic reasoning should be applied in evaluating scientific theories related to our place in this landscape. One of the best examples of anthropic reasoning came when Stephen Weinberg used it to predict the expected value of the cosmological constant and got a result that predicted a small but positive value, which didnt fit with the expectations of the day. Nearly a decade later, when physicists discovered the expansion of the universe was accelerating, Weinberg realized that his earlier anthropic reasoning had been spot on: ... Shortly after the discovery of our accelerating universe, physicist Stephen Weinberg proposed, based on an argument he had developed more than a decade earlier–before the discovery of dark energy–that ... perhaps the value of the cosmological constant that we measure today were somehow anthropically selected. That is, if somehow there were many universes, and in each universe the value of the energy of empty space took a randomly chosen value based on some probability distribution among all possible energies, then only in those universes in which the value is not that different from what we measure would life as we know it be able to evolve.... Put another way, it is not too surprising to find that we live in a universe in which we can live! -- Lawrence M. Krauss, Criticisms of the Anthropic Principle Theres really no shortage of critics of the anthropic principle. In two very popular critiques of string theory, Lee Smolins The Trouble With Physics and Peter Woits Not Even Wrong, the anthropic principle is cited as one of the major points of contention. The critics do make a valid point that the anthropic principle is something of a dodge, because it reframes the question that science normally asks. Instead of looking for specific values and the reason why those values are what they are, it instead allows for an entire range of values as long as theyre consistent with an already-known end result. There is something fundamentally unsettling about this approach.

More Than Mere Trifles - 1081 Words

During the Middle Ages, the English church’s suggestions were spoken by God’s own voice. The Church encouraged pilgrimages to various holy places, or shrines, to search for spiritual enlightenment and penitence from sin. This ideology says that if one were to pray at a shrine, one could be forgiven of one’s sins, thus increasing the chance of going to Heaven after an earthly death. Those suffering from a plethora of aliments and other illnesses might also make a pilgrimage in the hope of being healed of it. For whatever their reason, pilgrims made their way to the various shrines; they were influenced, in part, by furthering their faith through religious relics. Pilgrims sought out relics and saw these pieces of material as much more than†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"His wallet lay before him on his lap, / Brimful of pardons come from Rome, all hot,† says Chaucer in The Canterbury Tales. â€Å"The Pardoner’s Tale† goes on to say that h e even demonstrates the audacity to sell mock relics to â€Å"poor up-country parsons,† who happen to be clergymen. The Pardoner prays on people’s need for a belief in God, a heaven, atonement, forgiveness--a belief in something, anything. The Pardoner feeds off others’ insecurities and grows stronger in his businesses practice through the mockery of religious pilgrimages. Because of the popularity of pilgrimages, King Henry VIII made an inquiry about the nature of pilgrimages in 1535. Once Henry read the dispositions made by his research team, the king made the decision to close over 300 monasteries across the land. Among the results of this decision was the selling of the land formerly held by the monasteries to smaller farmers. This effect of King Henry VIII’s choice made the decision a popular one among his constituency. Shortly after Henry’s curiosity about the pilgrimages began, he focused particularly on religious shrines throughout England. Until that point, many flocked to religious shrines for the reason of religious fulfillment. Pilgrims who were financially well off more often than not gave expensive jewels and ornaments as recompense to theShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis of Susan Glaspells Trifles1788 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Natures in Susan Glaspells Trifles A trifle is something that has little value or importance, and there are many seeming trifles in Susan Glaspells one-act play Trifles. The irony is that these trifles carry more weight and significance than first seems to be the case. Just as Glaspells play ultimately reveals a sympathetic nature in Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale, the evidence that the men investigators fail to observe, because they are blind to the things that have importanceRead MoreThe Real Relationship Between Men And Women1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe Real Relationship Between Men and Women In the play Trifles by Susan Glaspell, the men in the play are completely out of touch with the women. This may be perhaps the single greatest important theme of the play. The gender differences set the stage for the utmost vital event of the story, the murder. The men of the story are mainly oblivious to the steps the women undergo in the story. Understandably the women solve the murder before the men even get close. 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Throughout hisRead More`` Yellow Wallpaper `` And Susan Glaspell s Trifles1130 Words   |  5 Pagesprovides inspiration; for others, though, it causes suffocation. Those of us who don’t get what we need from our environment fail to thrive. For some, like the main characters in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† and Susan Glaspell’s Trifles, culture becomes a trap. Both women are caught in joyless marriages to insensitive, sometime domineering husbands. These unhappy souls both suffer emotional problems leading to severely psychotic breaks from reality. Both women are caught in joylessRead MoreWomen’s Voice in Literature2562 Words   |  11 PagesLiterature In the late 1800s and early 1900s, women’s roles evolved from mere housewives to passionate activists who were fighting for rights to their share of the American dream. The main goal of the women participating in the fight was the right vote. 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Women’s limitations were clearly a spark of inspiration and reason for Glaspell to write Trifles, criticizing society with feministic intelligence

Customer Is Always Right - 2628 Words

A business’s keeness to put customers first Important to reach a business’s objectives and goals Customer is the main source of revenue Important to follow the policy in order to retain customers To retain company’s image and reputation Avoid bad public relation Avoid customer desertion Avoid law suits Leads to higher profitability 10.Satisfied and happy customers will promote your products or services 11.Having your customers as ambassadors help you expand your business quickly 12.Helps company to operate more efficiently in long run 13.Listening to complaints or feedbacks will help a business to identify and ammend its weakness. 14.Customers whose complaints†¦show more content†¦3) Unsatisfied customers will persuade others to stop the purchase of goods and services from your company. Topic Sentence 3 : However, maintaining this busine*ss policy will eventually makes *the employees unhappy. Supporting statement : *Topic Sentence 4 : In additi on, *it gives abrasive customer an unfair advantage. Supporting statement : 1) Company is forced to compensate and this increase cost. 2) Similar incidents will happen again if is not handled properly. At this point, one may wonder if we should maintain this policy or dispose it, but in order for a company to survive, this policy should be followed by every company to avoid profit declination and due to the reason that satisfying employees’ needs will eventually ignore the customer satisfaction. Introduction : In today’s competitive world, a business must always have the policy that the consumer is right because it does not only retain a company’s image and reputation, it also leads to higher profitability in the long term and helps the company to operate more efficiently in the future. *Topic Sentence 1 : *The policy will retain and strengthen *a company’s *image and reputation, making them a step quicker at reaching their objectives and goals. Supportin g statement: 1) Good customer service is important for a company to be different from others. 2) Avoid unwanted situations such as negative publicity, desertion by customers and legal suits. *Topic Sentence 2 :Show MoreRelatedIs the Customer â€Å"Always Right†?975 Words   |  4 PagesIs The Customer â€Å"Always Right†? Abstract The customer is always right. It is the merchant’s wealth to safeguard the interests of customers. Many sellers think that some the customer is unreasonable and vulgar. Customer is always right for three reasons. 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A majority of you will spend your time serving customers in a restaurant setting, where you may be more commonly known as a waiter or waitress. Your customers belong to a special group of customers that can be broken down into five different types. These different types of customers each require an appropriate kind of service. The better you are at delivering the appropriate services the better serverRead MoreThe Rules Should Be Broken1339 Words   |  6 Pagesare perfectly fine and should remain constants as we do business, but what we’ve come to know as best-practices and rules of thumb should be re-evaluated to ensure that they aren’t just the right steps to take, but that they really deliver the right results we want. The one-size-fits-all expectation of how customer service is done is futile today. Achieving some more, something that matters today requires you to learn to tell your own story, step back and ask yourself what you have to offer and whatRead MoreMarketing Assignment839 Words   |  4 Pagesmaterials we offer and determine which are right for their needs. We are always available to assist our clients in choosing the right display and booth to represent the brand. Our goal is to work hand in hand with our customers to understand their specific requirements, as no one knows better what their company needs. Once we have this information, finding or creating the right product becomes a much easier task. We strive to exceed the expectations of our customers with every transaction we complete.Read MoreCustomer Service Skills854 Words   |  4 PagesCUSTOMER SERVICE SKILLS 09/26/2012 PRESENTED TO WENDY HORTON CUSTOMER SERVICE CLASS PREPARED BY TYNITRIA JOHNSON Customer service is a very important factor in today’s society. Customer is any relationship, conversation, or interaction an employee has with a customer. Good customer service is the key to a successful business. I learned some things out this class that are relevant to me. I can use them throughout my career. I interviewed three people, as following, for thisRead MoreHuman Rights Is A Human Right850 Words   |  4 Pagestheir human rights violated. Human rights range from the right of equality, to the right of marriage, to the right of adequate living and more. Anything humans being deserve is a human right. They can be as extreme as 805 million people living in poverty (Yahoo, Derrius Quarles) or as simple as not being allowed to speak about your religion in a restaurant. Human rights belong to everyone. Whether or not we think it is ethical, almost everyone at one point in their lives will have these rights violatedRead MoreNordstrom, Nordstrom And Carl Wallin1532 Words   |  7 Pagesmaking $14.1 billion. Nordstrom still has a long way to go and plans to keep expanding in Canada, but also plans to have 300 Nordstrom racks store by the year 2020. What is the culture of the firm? Nordstrom’s main focus is all about customer satisfaction. When customer satisfaction is high so are the employees. Nordstrom deconstructed their handbook to make it postmodern, which allows more freedom and flexibility, to empower employees at all levels of the organization, to accept responsibility and

Testing The Accuracy Of Eyewitness Testimony - 3401 Words

The concepts that are covered in the experiment: â€Å"Testing the Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony† are how the memory part of your brain works. Also, the colors that help memorization is also included in this experiment.Another thing that is covered in this experiment is whether or not someone is able to regurgitate information back after 20 minutes. Another thing that is covered in this experiment is the types of memory disorders. Tips on how to keep a healthy memory are also included. Also, the steps to creating a new piece of memory is also covered in this experiment. Another thing that is included in the experiment is the timeline as to how we know memory today got there. The variables that are used in this project are: test subjects†¦show more content†¦1 to 2 hours after the first trial, the same subject will watch the video again and he or she will also fill out the survey again and the answers will be rating based upon the accuracy of answer. 3 being the answer is right and 1 being the answer is wrong. There are 3 necessary steps/types that are crucial to forming a lasting memory. Step 1: sensory memory, step 2: short-term memory, and step 3: long-term memory. These are the three types of memory that are needed to build a lasting memory. Sensory memory is the shortest memory in the shortest- term memory element.One of the types of memory allows you to remember information through the 5 senses. The brain will remember anything that happened from 1 second to 60 seconds using the sensory part of your memory. An example of sensory memory is: I got hit in the head with a purple yo-yo. After sensory memory comes the short-term memory. Short-term memory acts as a â€Å"scratch- pad† for temporary recall. Short- term memory holds small amounts of information. Anything something that took place in front of your eyes for longer than 60 seconds, the short-term memory section of the brain will remember it. This section of your brain will allow you to recall that information in the next few hours or days. An example of short-term memory is: time on the clock 10 minutes ago. Lastly, comes long– term memory. Long- term memory, is used to store information of a set time

Science Boon and Bane Free Essays

There are no extents to define science. Science is every where around us. Some people say it is a boon and some say that it is a bane. We will write a custom essay sample on Science Boon and Bane or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to me it is a boon as every thing have both cons and pros, but the decision is made by observing which side is better. Some who would disagree with me and would believe that science is a bane. Everyone have his/her different opinion. But, friend! science is the discovery, it is the mixture of creativity of human’s mind with his/her intelligence. You would say that earlier when all the comforts were not available, everything was just perfect as science was not there. But the stone weapons, invention of fire, cave, animal clothing, everything was discovery, creation, creativity, intelligence in short science. There was no human era in which science was not present as without science the human would be even worse than the new born baby who is totally confused and does not know where he is, and what to do, but he at least know that he have to cry, but without science, humans would not be even in that state. So friends, no to science and technology does not only means that there will no electricity, TV , ac, fridge, taps, computers, internet, transport, etc but it means even more, it means that human would be nothing less than being a living corpse. I agree that it can be harmful if in evil hands, but is it the fault of creativity, intelligence, no it is the fault evil mind. They can use anything to facilitate their plans and if this is the case, then according to it, if someone is stabbed, then the knife through which the murderer had killed the victim should be punished and is to be blamed and not the murderer. How to cite Science Boon and Bane, Papers

Resurrecting The Motivation Hygiene Theory †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Resurrecting The Motivation Hygiene Theory? Answer: Introducation Motivation is an integral issue that affects workplaces within organisations. I have seen application of motivational factors in real life situations. Within workplaces an employee needs to be motivated by his available job design and role performance such that he can be properly motivated(Zimmerman, 2008). In lack of motivation he might not feel to perform hi work role, leading to lowering of productivity within organisations. An employee within my team had repeatedly failed to achieve his target and due to lack of motivation he remained absent frequently. His frequent absenteeism later led to his leaving the work role and joining another company. Neither his work performance was good nor his payment that he received. He was grossly under paid that resulted in his low levels of motivation. His job role was also very insignificant in the organisation as compared to his qualification and skills. The manager failed to recognize his levels of skills and education, under-employing him wh ich led to subsequent de-motivation. Within the scope of the current organisation, there was no human resource management department that analysed ways in which their employees could be motivated. This resulted in gradually employees in losing out on their work motivation. from this reflective exercise I, was able to recall the importance of motivation in work-life organisations(L?z?roiu, 2015). In long run it could affect employee performance and in turn productivity of the organisation. Developed Account of Experience Analysed Organisations have devised a number of strategies and techniques in order such that their productivity can be enhanced. Employee motivation have been analysed to be core determinant that can affect performance and in turn organisational productivity. In the current reflection scope it has been obtained that due to absence of employee motivation, there has been tremendous levels of dissatisfaction amongst employees, due to which an employee was absent and then left the organisation(Lin, 2007). Employee turnover can impend serious costs on the organisation leading to its hampering of productivity and then subsequent training and inducting new staffs. Motivation of an employee thus, an integral function needs to be developed by means of various theories and concepts of motivation that are available currently. My experience from real life, tells me that motivation is an integral factor that can affect productivity within organisations and also enhance their levels of management with staf fs and employees. In case employees are motivated, they are most likely to engage in workplace practices and contribute in a positive manner to the organisation(Aguenza, 2012). Managers and leaders of organisations needs to device strategies that allows employees to be motivated such that they can enhance productivity within the organisation and lead to long term sustainable results. Theories of Motivation Analysed Organisations often implement a host range of theories that are available to them for motivating their employees. Maslows hierarchy theory, Hertzberg theory, theory X theory Y, Vrooms expectancy theory, goal-setting theory and so on are multiple content and process theories of motivation(Sachau, 2007). In analysis of every motivational theory there is stress on factors that are critical to engaging an employee within the workplace with appropriate job design, organisational climate, appropriate leadership, setting of targets or goals and so on. There are two type of motivators namely intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are known to motivate employees. Each and every motivational factors that surrounds employees needs to be analysed in an appropriate manner, which can cause tremendous(Reid-Cunningham, 2008). As in Maslows hierarchy motivation is arranged in levels of needs analysed for an individual. An individual can progress to the next level of need only once he is able to attain lower levels of need. Similarly in Hertzberg motivation factors, health and hygiene are analysed to be two factors that are pertinent to any employee. While hygiene are factors that do not motivate, but in their absence they cause demotivation. Health are factors that motivate an individual for striving towards organisational goals and objectives(Pegler, 2012). Analysis of Selected Experience In the current selected incident there has been absence of basic factors as well as motivating factors that can enhance productivity of employees. Absence of pay related factors along with appropriate job design led to the employee leaving the job. The selected incident further marks a failure for the human resource department of the employee in diagnosing his knowledge and skills levels. Employee motivation should aim to retain employees and staffs such that they do not leave the organisation. There also needs to be intrinsic and extrinsic motivational strategies that enhance work level motivation amongst employees. Leaders have a large role to play in organisations for their motivational strategies and in developing of an appropriate organisational climate. Application of Selected Motivational Theories enhancing work performance of employees Work performance of employees can greatly be enhanced by ways of employee engagement strategies. Diagnosis of ways and means in order to increase motivation of employees pertaining to a particular job level have led to poor performance of employees and in turn lowering of productivity at workplaces(Tan, 2011). Organisations along with its human resource departments needs to ensure that each job design for particular employees are done in a particular manner that increase his confidence and engagement in the job. An organisation needs to further ensure that an employee is able to contribute to the productivity matching his skills and expertise levels. Reference Lists Aguenza, B. B. (2012). Motivational factors of employee retention and engagement in organizations. International journal of advances in management and economics, 88-95. L?z?roiu, G. (2015). Employee Motivation and Job Performance. . Linguistic and psychology Investigations, 97-102. Lin, H. F. (2007). Effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on employee knowledge sharing intentions. . Journal of information science, 135-149. Pegler, C. (2012). Herzberg, hygiene and the motivation to reuse: Towards a three-factor theory to explain motivation to share and use OER. . Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2012(1). Reid-Cunningham, A. (2008). Maslows theory of motivation and hierarchy of human needs: A critical analysis. Unpublished thesis, School of Social Welfare, University of California Berkeley. Sachau, D. (2007). Resurrecting the motivation-hygiene theory: Herzberg and the positive psychology movement. Human resource development review, 6(4), 377-393. Tan, T. a. (2011). Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory and job satisfaction in the Malaysian retail sector: The mediating effect of love of money. Zimmerman, B. (2008). Investigating self-regulation and motivation: Historical background, methodological developments, and financial-accounting prospects. . American educational research journal, 45(1), 166-1